Newswise, June 6, 2017 — Researchers working as part of the
University of Georgia’s Regenerative Bioscience Center have developed a new way
to identify and sort stem cells that may one day allow clinicians to restore
vision to people with damaged corneas using the patient’s own eye tissue. They
published their findings in Biophysical Journa
The cornea is a transparent layer of tissue covering the front
of the eye, and its health is maintained by a group of cells called limbal stem
cells. But when these cells are damaged by trauma or disease, the cornea loses
its ability to self-repair.
“Damage to the limbus, which is where the clear part of the
eye meets the white part of the eye, can cause the cornea to break down very
rapidly,” said James Lauderdale, an associate professor of cellular biology in
UGA’s Franklin College of Arts and Sciences and paper co-author.
“The only way to repair the cornea right now is do a limbal
cell transplant from donated tissue.”
In their study, researchers used a new type of highly
sensitive atomic force microscopy, or AFM, to analyze eye cell cultures.
Created by Todd Sulchek, an associate professor of mechanical engineering at
Georgia Tech, the technique allowed researchers to probe and exert force on
individual cells to learn more about the cell’s overall health and its ability
to turn into different types of mature cells.
They found that limbal stem cells were softer and more pliable
than other cells, meaning they could use this simple measure as a rapid and
cost-effective way to identify cells from a patient’s own tissue that are
suitable for transplantation.
“Todd’s technology is unique in the tiniest and most sensitive
detection to change,” said Lauderdale. “Just think about trying to gently
dimple or prod the top of an individual cell without killing it; with
conventional AFM it’s close to impossible.”
Building on their findings related to cell softness, the
research team also developed a microfluidic cell sorting device capable of
filtering out specific cells from a tissue sample.
With this device, the team can collect the patient’s own
tissue, sort and culture the cells and then place them back into the patient
all in one day, said Lauderdale. It can take weeks to perform this task using
conventional methods.
The researchers are quick to caution that more tests must be
done before this technique is used in human patients, but it may one day serve
as a viable treatment for the more than 1 million Americans that lose their
vision to damaged corneas every year.
The group first started this research with the hope of helping
children with aniridia, an inherited malformation of the eye that leads to
breakdown of the cornea at an early age.
Because aniridia affects only one in 60,000 children, few
organizations are willing to commit the resources necessary to combat the
disease, Lauderdale said.
“Our first goal in working with such a rare disease was to
help this small population of children, because we feel a close connection to
all of them,” says Lauderdale, who has worked with aniridia patients for many
years.
“However, at the end of the day this technology could help
hundreds of thousands of people, like the military who are also interested in
corneal damage, common in desert conditions.”
Steven Stice, a Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar, who
plays an important role in fostering cross-interdisciplinary collaboration as
director of the RBC, initially brought the researchers together and encouraged
a seed grant application through the center for Regenerative Engineering and
Medicine, or REM, a joint collaboration between Emory University, Georgia Tech
and UGA. “A culture is developing around seed funding that is all about
interdisciplinary collaboration, sharing of resources, and coming together to
make things happen,” said Stice.
“Government funding agencies place a high premium on combining
skills and disciplines. We can no longer afford to work in an isolated
laboratory using a singular approach.”
The REM seed funding program is intended to stimulate new,
unconventional collaborative research and requires equal partnership of faculty
from two of the participating institutions.
“We tend to get siloed experimentally,” says Lauderdale. “To a
biologist like me, all cells are very different and all atomic force
microscopes are the same. To an engineer like Todd it’s just the opposite.”
The study, “Cellular Stiffness as a Novel Stemness Marker in
the Corneal Limbus,” is available at http://www.cell.com/biophysj/fulltext/S0006-3495(16)30771-8.
Funding was provided by an NIH NIGMS Biotechnology Training
Grant on Cell and Tissue Engineering, the Knights Templar Eye Foundation, the
Center for Regenerative Engineering and Medicine, the Sharon Stewart Aniridia
Research Trust and the NSF CMMI division.
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